Overview
For the primary time, the Canadian Housing Statistics Program (CHSP) is publishing knowledge on buyers. This text presents a profile of those homeowners and the residential properties they owned within the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia in 2020.
Key findings
- The proportion of buyers amongst homeowners diverse from 20.2% in Ontario to 31.5% in Nova Scotia.
- Amongst homes and condominium residences, just below one in 5 properties was used as an funding in British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia mixed.
- Condominium residences have been used as an funding extra typically than homes (single-detached homes, semi-detached homes, row homes, and cellular houses). Ontario topped the listing with the very best charge of condominium residences used as an funding, at 41.9%.
- Homes used as an funding have been primarily owned by people dwelling in the identical province because the property.
Introduction
Residential properties will be owned for a number of causes: to be used as a main place of residence, but additionally for infrequent use as a secondary residence, to generate revenue or different funding functions. When properties are owned by buyers, they will contribute to the rental housing provide—and due to this fact meet the inhabitants’s want for rental housing—however that may additionally restrict the variety of properties out there to consumers who intend to make use of it as a main place of residence. Knowledge from the 2021 Census confirmed that the proportion of Canadian households who owned their residence fell from 69.0% in 2011 to 66.5% in 2021. This text distinguishes between buyers and different sorts of homeowners to higher perceive the profile of buyers, what they personal, and the position they play available in the market.
This subject is particularly essential since, in the USA, the research by Haughwout et al. (2011) confirmed a rise within the proportion of buyers amongst consumers from 2000 to 2007, when a housing bubble emerged. These debtors then contributed significantly to the rise in delinquency charges through the 2007/2008 housing disaster. Analyzing the next interval in the USA (2009 to 2013), the research by Allen et al. (2018) additionally discovered that a rise within the proportion of homes bought by buyers in a given space led to increased costs in that market.
North of the border, the Financial institution of Canada (2022) analyzed the significance of buyers—outlined as consumers who personal a number of mortgaged properties—and located a rise within the proportion of purchases by buyers in Canada within the first half of 2021. Teranet (2022) made an analogous statement in an evaluation of transactions carried out by homeowners of a number of properties in Ontario. The Canada Mortgage and Housing Company (2016) additionally investigated buyers — outlined as households who personal a main residence and not less than one secondary condominium unit — utilizing a survey of condominium proprietor households in Toronto and Vancouver. They discovered that 48.4% of buyers in 2015 acknowledged that their secondary unit was rented out whereas 42.0% acknowledged that they or a member of the family have been utilizing the unit.
On this launch, the CHSP follows a unique strategy by figuring out properties owned by buyers among the many complete inventory of residential properties in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia for the reference 12 months 2020.Notice The findings present a snapshot of the state of affairs in these provinces earlier than the COVID-19 pandemic and might due to this fact be used as a degree of comparability to find out the consequences of the general public well being disaster when analyzing subsequent years.
What’s an investor?
On this evaluation, homeowners are divided into three classes: buyers, investor-occupants, and non-investors.
An investor is outlined as an proprietor who owns not less than one residential property that isn’t used as their main place of residence. Particular person homeowners who personal a single property in the identical province as the place they reside usually are not thought of buyers, as long as it’s not a property with a number of items.
Particularly, the next homeowners are thought of to be buyers:
- A enterprise or authorities that owns not less than one residential property, excluding Canadian non-profit organizations.Notice Given the predominance of companies on this class, they may merely be known as “enterprise” in what follows.
- A person proprietor who is just not resident in Canada, known as a “non-resident investor” beneath.
- A person proprietor who lives exterior the province the place they personal residential property, known as an “out-of-province investor” within the province of the non-principal residence.
- A person proprietor who lives within the province and owns two or extra residential properties, or owns a property with a number of residential items who doesn’t occupy that property. These people will probably be known as “in-province buyers”.
The investor class thus can embrace, amongst others, secondary residence homeowners, landlords, short-term rental homeowners, builders, for-profit companies and speculators.
An proprietor is classed as an investor-occupant in the event that they personal a single property with a number of residential items, certainly one of which is their main place of residence. For instance, this class contains homeowners of a home with a laneway unit or basement suite and homeowners of a duplex who stay in one of many items. In all circumstances, not less than one of many items should be occupied by one of many homeowners.
An proprietor is classed as a non-investor when they aren’t an investor or an investor-occupant. This class primarily contains homeowners who stay within the province the place the property is situated, who personal a single property, and this property doesn’t have a number of residential items. Canadian non-profit companies are additionally included on this class.Notice
Multiple in 5 homeowners is an investor
For British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia mixed, CHSP knowledge present {that a} complete of 21.9% of householders have been buyers in 2020. The proportion of buyers was increased in Nova Scotia (31.5%) and New Brunswick (29.0%) than in British Columbia (23.3%), Manitoba (20.4%), and Ontario (20.2%).
Knowledge desk for Chart 1
| British Columbia | Manitoba | Ontario | New Brunswick | Nova Scotia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p.c | |||||
| Investor | 23.3 | 20.4 | 20.2 | 29.0 | 31.5 |
| Investor-occupant | 9.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 1.8 |
| Non-investor | 67.1 | 79.0 | 79.0 | 68.4 | 66.7 |
This distinction is essentially on account of a better proportion of vacant land within the two Atlantic provinces, which is a kind of property typically owned along with the first place of residence. The proportion of buyers who stay within the province and personal one or two items of vacant land along with their main place of residence was 6.7% in Nova Scotia and seven.7% in New Brunswick. If we take away the sort of investor, the speed of buyers falls to 24.8% in Nova Scotia and 21.3% in New Brunswick. The proportions of buyers are then extra similar to these of the opposite provinces.
On condition that the inventory of vacant land is proportionally decrease and dearer in British Columbia and Ontario, lower than 2% of homeowners in these provinces have been in-province buyers who owned one or two items of vacant land along with their main place of residence. In Manitoba, the proportion of house owners on this state of affairs was additionally low, at 2.5%.
Investor-occupants are extra widespread in British Columbia, the place they made up 9.6% of householders. This increased proportion is usually as a result of composition of the housing inventory. On this province, properties with a number of residential items represented 11.7% of the inventory, a better proportion than within the different provinces, the place it diverse from 2.9% in Ontario to five.7% in Nova Scotia. This increased proportion in British Columbia was principally attributable to many residences with a laneway unit or a basement suite amongst properties with a number of residential items. These sorts of properties have been extra prone to be occupied by the proprietor when in comparison with house buildings in British Columbia and elsewhere.
How is the funding standing of the property outlined?
An evaluation of properties used as an funding helps make clear the position that buyers play within the housing market. The funding standing of the property is set by analyzing the investor standing of the proprietor and the usage of the property. Properties are divided into one of many following three classes: an funding property, an owner-occupied funding property, and a non-investment property.Notice
An funding property is outlined as a property owned by not less than one investor that isn’t the first place of residence of any of the homeowners. This may embrace, for instance, a rented property with a number of items, a cottage or a property owned for speculative functions.
If the property is just not included within the earlier class, it may be thought of an owner-occupied funding property if it’s a property with a number of residential items the place not less than one of many homeowners occupies a unit.Notice
Lastly, the non-investment property class contains properties owned solely by non-investors or these used as a main place of residence by not less than one of many homeowners.
The proportion of funding properties varies enormously by the kind of property analyzed. Vacant land and properties with a number of residential items are used extra for funding than single-detached homes, semi-detached homes, row homes, and cellular houses — which we seek advice from as “homes” on this article — and condominium residences.
In all of the provinces analyzed on this research mixed, greater than 9 in 10 vacant tons have been funding properties or have been owned by a non-profit group. The rest have been owned by people residing within the province the place they owned a single vacant lot. Equally, for all these provinces, 96.7% of properties with a number of residential items have been both funding properties (45.6%) or owner-occupied funding properties (51.1%), whereas the remaining have been owned by non-profit organizations. Nonetheless, these proportions diverse from one province to a different. In British Columbia, 73.0% of properties with a number of dwellings have been owner-occupied funding properties. In contrast, within the different provinces, the vast majority of properties with a number of dwellings have been funding properties, with the proportion reaching 72.0% in Manitoba.
In consequence, provinces with a big inventory of vacant land, reminiscent of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and people with a excessive proportion of properties with a number of residential items, reminiscent of British Columbia, had excessive charges of buyers or investor-occupants. The portrait shifts when the main target is on homes and condominium residences, which usually tend to be owner-occupied, and due to this fact not used for funding functions. Within the following sections, the evaluation of properties focuses completely on homes and condominium residences, and excludes properties with a number of dwellings and vacant land.
In Nova Scotia, greater than 1 in 20 homes is used as an funding by an individual dwelling exterior the province or the nation
The evaluation by property kind discovered that buyers have been drawn extra to condominium residences than homes. The share of homes used as an funding diverse from 14.3% in New Brunswick to twenty.1% in Nova Scotia, with an total common of 15.6% for all 5 provinces. By comparability, this identical statistic for condominium residences was 39.4%. For the 5 provinces, a complete of 918,695 homes have been used as an funding, 584,615 of which have been in Ontario. A regional evaluation discovered that the proportion of homes used as an funding was typically increased in additional touristic areas, the place there could also be extra cottages.
In-province buyers owned, as funding properties, between 8.7% of the homes in New Brunswick and 12.4% in Nova Scotia, and, as such, they owned extra homes used as an funding than all the opposite sorts of buyers mixed.
Knowledge desk for Chart 2
| British Columbia | Manitoba | Ontario | New Brunswick | Nova Scotia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p.c | |||||
| In-province investor | 9.8 | 10.5 | 10.9 | 8.7 | 12.4 |
| Out-of-province investor | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 2.3 |
| Non-resident investor | 2.5 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 3.4 |
| Enterprise | 2.5 | 3.0 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
Out-of-province buyers owned proportionally fewer homes used as an funding in Ontario (0.3%) than out-of-province buyers within the different provinces, which is probably going partly on account of increased actual property costs in Ontario than a lot of the provinces. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and British Columbia appeared extra common with out-of-province buyers, who owned, as investments, 2.3%, 1.6% and 1.7% of homes, respectively. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia could have attracted residents from different provinces with decrease common housing costs than in different provinces. As for British Columbia, the variety of out-of-province buyers was significantly excessive within the areas close to the Alberta border. In British Columbia, non-residents and out-of-province buyers owned 43,890 homes used as an funding.
Condominium residences are extra common with buyers than homes
The share of condominium residences used as an funding was increased than for homes, various from 22.6% in New Brunswick to 41.9% in Ontario and totalling 39.4% for all 5 provinces. Though this share was increased in Ontario and British Columbia (36.2%) than in Manitoba (29.2%) and New Brunswick, this doesn’t look like attributable to the big census metropolitan areas (CMAs) in these provinces. In actual fact, the speed of condominium residences used as funding was decrease within the CMAs of Toronto (36.2%) and Vancouver (34.0%) than the speed in the remainder of their respective provinces.
Knowledge desk for Chart 3
| British Columbia | Manitoba | Ontario | New Brunswick | Nova Scotia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p.c | |||||
| In-province investor | 18.1 | 15.7 | 22.4 | 7.1 | 14.3 |
| Out-of-province investor | 2.6 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 5.7 | 4.0 |
| Non-resident investor | 7.0 | 3.5 | 5.6 | 3.1 | 5.4 |
| Enterprise | 8.6 | 8.5 | 13.4 | 6.7 | 12.8 |
There was a better charge of business-owned funding properties among the many condominium house inventory than within the inventory of homes. In Ontario, companies owned 74,485 condominium residences for funding functions, or 13.4% of all properties of this sort, which is the very best share among the many provinces analyzed. Nonetheless, most condominium residences used as an funding in each Ontario and Manitoba have been owned by in-province buyers. Within the different jurisdictions, this was not the case.
The proportion of condominium residences owned for funding functions by non-resident buyers was the very best in British Columbia (7.0%), adopted by Ontario (5.6%).
Extra funding properties exterior CMAs and census agglomerations (CAs) appear to be used as a secondary residence
Whereas some buyers hire out their funding property, others could use it as a secondary residence. Properties situated exterior CMAs and CAs are extra doubtless for use as secondary or leisure properties, reminiscent of cottages, when the homeowners are residents of the province and solely personal one extra property exterior the area of their main residence.Notice These properties could or is probably not rented.
Exterior the most important centres, the sort of funding made up between 3.2% of homes and condominium residences in New Brunswick and 11.1% in Ontario. Within the latter, this amounted to 70,610 properties, or 1.6% of all homes and condominium residences in the province. Of those, greater than 99% have been homes, whereas condominium residences, that are much less widespread exterior main centres, represented lower than 1% of the funding properties of this sort.
In British Columbia and, to a lesser extent, Nova Scotia, the share of potential secondary residences owned by out-of-province buyers was increased than within the different jurisdictions. In British Columbia, funding properties owned by out-of-province residents represented 6.3% of the homes and condominium residences exterior CMAs and CAs, whereas the determine for Nova Scotia was 3.5%.
Knowledge desk for Chart 4
| British Columbia | Manitoba | Ontario | New Brunswick | Nova Scotia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p.c | |||||
| In-province investor who owns two properties in numerous areas | 7.2 | 6.9 | 11.1 | 3.2 | 3.9 |
| Out-of-province investor | 6.3 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 3.5 |
| Different sorts of investor | 18.7 | 16.7 | 18.3 | 14.4 | 20.0 |
Though a secondary residence may be a pied-à-terre within the metropolis, this appeared much less widespread. In giant city centres, the proportion of homes and condominium residences used as an funding owned by residents from exterior the area or the province was decrease than in areas exterior CMAs or CAs. This proportion was highest within the CAs and CMAs in Nova Scotia (2.2%) and British Columbia (2.2%). In CMAs and CAs of the 5 provinces, the second property of in-province buyers dwelling in a unique area was extra typically a condominium (23.0% of circumstances) than was the case exterior main centres.
Knowledge desk for Chart 5
| British Columbia | Manitoba | Ontario | New Brunswick | Nova Scotia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p.c | |||||
| In-province investor who owns two properties in numerous areas | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
| Out-of-province investor | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 1.5 |
| Different sorts of investor | 17.4 | 12.1 | 15.0 | 8.2 | 13.3 |
Within the Toronto and Vancouver CMAs, funding properties have been concentrated within the downtown core
In each Toronto and Vancouver CMAs, there was a better proportion of funding properties within the core census subdivisions (CSDs). Within the Vancouver CMA, the Higher Vancouver ANotice CSD was the one exception, with a better proportion of homes and condominium residences used as an funding (42.1%) than within the different CSDs within the area. That is according to different tendencies noticed for Higher Vancouver A. In response to the 2021 Census, this CSD had a better proportion of renters (57.3% of households) than in the remaining of the CMA. This distinction is partially as a result of college students who attend the College of British Columbia, which is situated on this space. College students usually tend to be renters, however they may be homeowners, or they may stay in a second property owned by a member of the family. As well as, this CSD had the very best non-resident possession charge (14.9%) within the CMA in 2020.
Within the Metropolis of Vancouver, which is the core CSD, the proportion of homes and condominium residences used as an funding was 32.5%, the second highest proportion within the Vancouver CMA, which had an total charge of 21.3%. The upper share of funding properties within the core CSD is partly on account of a better focus of condominium residences, that are extra typically used as an funding. Nonetheless, even contemplating condominium residences and single indifferent homes individually, each had a better charge of properties used as an funding within the Vancouver CSD than in the remainder of the CMA.
Description for Map 1
The title of the map is: “Proportion of homes and condominium residences used as an funding by census subdivision, Toronto and Vancouver census metropolitan areas, 2020.” This determine shows two maps of the CSDs within the Vancouver CMA (left aspect) and the Toronto CMA (proper aspect).
Every CSD is shaded from gentle to darkish purple based mostly on the proportion of homes and condominium residences used as an funding. The darker the shade, the upper the proportion of homes and condominium residences used as an funding in that CSD. The map exhibits that the proportion of homes and condominium residences used as an funding is mostly increased in CSDs close to the core of the Vancouver and Toronto CMAs. A steady scale is used and ranges from 0.0% to 42.1%.
| Census subdivision title | Proportion of homes and condominium residences used as an funding (p.c) |
|---|---|
| Toronto CMA | |
| Ajax, City | 7.4 |
| Aurora, City | 12.1 |
| Bradford West Gwillimbury, City | 12.6 |
| Brampton, Metropolis | 9.8 |
| Caledon, City | 9.2 |
| East Gwillimbury, City | 15.1 |
| Georgina, City | 18.4 |
| Halton Hills, City | 7.1 |
| King, Township | 12.9 |
| Markham, Metropolis | 13.7 |
| Milton, City | 13.2 |
| Mississauga, Metropolis | 14.2 |
| Mono, City | 9.6 |
| New Tecumseth, City | 9.8 |
| Newmarket, City | 12.1 |
| Oakville, City | 13.9 |
| Orangeville, City | 11.5 |
| Pickering, Metropolis | 8.0 |
| Richmond Hill, City | 15.0 |
| Toronto, Metropolis | 21.7 |
| Uxbridge, Township | 9.5 |
| Vaughan, Metropolis | 10.6 |
| Whitchurch-Stouffville, City | 10.2 |
| Vancouver | |
| Anmore, Village | 9.2 |
| Belcarra, Village | 20.9 |
| Bowen Island, Island municipality | 28.3 |
| Burnaby, Metropolis | 21.6 |
| Coquitlam, Metropolis | 19.1 |
| Delta, District municipality | 12.1 |
| Higher Vancouver A, Regional district electoral space | 42.1 |
| Langley, Metropolis | 20.6 |
| Langley, District municipality | 11.4 |
| Lions Bay, Village | 16.0 |
| Maple Ridge, Metropolis | 12.3 |
| New Westminster, Metropolis | 20.2 |
| North Vancouver, Metropolis | 24.3 |
| North Vancouver, District municipality | 11.8 |
| Pitt Meadows, Metropolis | 14.8 |
| Port Coquitlam, Metropolis | 13.3 |
| Port Moody, Metropolis | 14.8 |
| Richmond, Metropolis | 22.4 |
| Surrey, Metropolis | 16.5 |
| Vancouver, Metropolis | 32.5 |
| West Vancouver, District municipality | 19.0 |
| White Rock, Metropolis | 19.2 |
The discovering was related in Toronto, the place the proportion of funding properties was increased within the core CSD of the Metropolis of Toronto (21.7%) than within the CMA as a complete (16.3%). For the CSD, this quantities to 112,220 condominium residences and 52,935 homes used as an funding.
Notice to readers
The Canadian Housing Statistics Program (CHSP) is an revolutionary knowledge mission that leverages present knowledge sources and transforms them into new and well timed indicators on Canadian housing.
The info on this research are compiled from the CHSP for the reference 12 months 2020. Full details about the reference years of the property inventory, by province and territory, can be found right here.
Methodology
Investor standing and funding standing of the residential property think about the kind of property as obtained by our knowledge suppliers. Sure properties could have secondary items that aren’t identified to the authorities. In consequence, we can’t account for them. The counts and distribution of properties are calculated based mostly on the property classifications established by the CHSP. These could differ from those utilized by native authorities.
As soon as the property is categorized as an funding property, a subcategory is created to find out the kind of funding property. That is based mostly on the kind of investor who owns it. The order of precedence is as follows:
- Funding property owned by not less than one enterprise or one authorities;
- Funding property owned by not less than one non-resident particular person;
- Funding property owned by not less than one out-of-province particular person;
- Funding property owned by a person dwelling within the province.
Properties can’t be included in a couple of funding property class. If the property has a number of homeowners with varied profiles, as soon as an proprietor suits in one of many classes, by order of precedence, then the property is included in that class.
Geographical boundaries
In CHSP releases, knowledge are based mostly on the geographical boundaries from the Commonplace Geographical Classification 2016.
The CHSP database doesn’t comprise details about residential properties on Indian reserves.
Definitions
A property proprietor refers to a person or an entity included within the classification of ‘enterprise and authorities’ (reminiscent of companies, governments, sole proprietorships and partnerships, and different authorized sorts) that has property title transferred to, recorded in, registered in, or in any other case carried of their title.
A property could have a couple of proprietor or an proprietor could have a couple of property, due to this fact the depend of householders and properties can differ.
A person is taken into account a non-resident if their main dwelling is exterior the financial territory of Canada.
The core of a geographic space, for the needs of this launch, refers back to the census subdivision (CSD) inside a census metropolitan space (CMA) with the very best variety of residential properties.
An investor is outlined as an proprietor who owns not less than one residential property that isn’t used as their main place of residence, excluding Canadian non-profit organizations. A person proprietor who owns a single property in the identical province as the place they reside is just not thought of an investor, as long as it’s not a property with a number of residential items. This class excludes investor-occupants.
An investor-occupant is outlined as an proprietor who possesses a single property with a number of residential items and who occupies that property.
A non-investor is outlined as an proprietor who is just not an investor or an investor-occupant. An proprietor who lives in the identical province as the place the property is owned and owns a single property is included on this class, so lengthy as it’s not a property with a number of residential items.
An funding property refers to a residential property owned by at least one investor and isn’t used as a main place of residence by any of the homeowners. This class excludes owner-occupied funding properties.
An owner-occupied funding property refers to a property with a number of residential items the place not less than one of many homeowners occupies a unit.
A non-investment property refers to a property held solely by non-investors or a property getting used as a main place of residence by not less than one of many homeowners and that isn’t an owner-occupied funding property.
The time period unspecified funding property standing refers to properties whose proprietor is unknown, and due to this fact the funding standing of the property can’t be decided.
A property with a number of residential items refers to a property containing a couple of set of dwelling quarters owned by the identical proprietor(s), as is the case for an house constructing or a duplex or a property with two homes on the identical lot.
A condominium house refers to a set of dwelling quarters that’s owned individually, whereas land and customary components are held in joint possession with others.
Bibliography
Allen, Marcus T., Rutherford, J., Rutherford, R., Yavas, A. (2018). Influence of Traders in Distressed Housing Markets. The Journal of Actual Property Finance and Economics. 56. 622-652.
Canada Mortgage and Housing Company (2016). “Condominium homeowners report – Toronto and Vancouver”. April 2016. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/schl-cmhc/NH21-3-2016-eng.pdf
Haughwout, A., D. Lee, J. Tracy, and van der Klaauw, W. (2011). Actual property buyers, the leverage cycle, and the housing market disaster. Employees Reviews 514, Federal Reserve Financial institution of New York.
Khan, M., Xu, Y. (2022). Housing demand in Canada: A novel strategy to classifying mortgaged homebuyers. Employees Analytical Notice 2022-1, Financial institution of Canada.
Statistics Canada. (2021). “Canadian Housing Statistics Program, 2020.” The Every day. September 17, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/210917/dq210917b-eng.htm
Statistics Canada. (2022). “To purchase or to hire: The housing market continues to be reshaped by a number of components as Canadians seek for an reasonably priced place to name residence.” The Every day. September 21. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220921/dq220921b-eng.htm
Statistic Canada. (2022). “Canadian Housing Statistics Program, 2019 and 2020.” The each day. November 11. Statistics Canada no.11-001-X. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221110/dq221110c-eng.htm
Statistics Canada. (2022). Census Profile, 2021 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Final up to date on September 21, 2022. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E
Teranet. (2022). Market Perception – The Canadian Supply for Housing Data – Q2 2022, https://www.teranet.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Teranet-Market-Perception-Quarterly-Report-Q2-2022.pdf (accessed September 12, 2022).
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